An analysis of VO2 Max as a Performance Indicator for Collegiate Cross-Country Athletes

 

An analysis of VO₂ Max as a Performance Indicator for Collegiate Cross-Country Athletes

COED 6330 Final Assignment

October 9, 2020

April Greer, Renee Harden, Kris Jones, Samuel Owens 

      This report will be focusing on the importance of VO₂ max in endurance athletes, how to reasonably assess an athlete’s VO₂ max, and provide guidance for further improvement. VO₂ max, as described by Ungvarsky (2020), is the amount of oxygen a person can intake during strenuous exercise. Measuring an athlete’s VO₂ max throughout the season is to A) assess athlete’s fitness, B) use the information to improve the quality the athlete’s training, and C)  allow for the athlete to improve, not only throughout the season, but to achieve their best performance at the end of the year.

1. Athlete’s Fitness

Measuring the athlete's VO₂ max throughout the season is imperative, as the information obtained is one of the tools that can be used to improve the athlete's training. The recommended time to calculate the athlete’s VO₂ max is at the start of the season and once a month during the season (Christensen, 2010). Further, the ideal distance to measure the athlete's VO₂ max is the two-mile or using a race distance (Christensen, 2010). For our athletes, we measure their VO₂ max after the first two weeks, then at weeks 6, 10, and 15 (shown in table 1). We use their 5k race time to calculate VO₂ max as it is 97% of maximal effort which is converted to predict maximal effort.   

 

Table 1

Time table of when to measure athlete’s VO2 max during the season
When	Event
Week 2	Two-mile Time Trail
Week 6	5K Race (one)
Week 10	5K Race (two)
Week 15	5K Race (three) - Conference Championship

 

2. Using VO₂ max for Training

      To improve their VO₂ max, athletes will do a maximal workout once a week (Christensen, 2010; Favero and Stoll, 2016). Once the VO₂ max is established for the athlete, the coach will use the predicted maximal effort time to give the athletes a performance goal for the workout. For example, in Table 2, Athlete 1 has a predicted maximal effort of 6:08/mile. Coaches will create a workout plan for the athlete based around 6:08/mile effort. VO₂ max testing will be repeated a month after the initial test to track training adaptations. In the college setting, the best way is to measure VO₂ max is with race effort. In this case, Athlete 1 is shown to have made a :07 improvement in her maximal effort mile time. Once the new VO₂ max time is converted, the coach will use the predicted maximal effort for the next few weeks of training before the next race to predict another new VO₂ max. This pattern will continue throughout the remainder of the season. 

 

Table 2

5K Group Women	Two-Mile Time Trail	Predict VO2 max/mile pace effort	5K Race (one)	Predict VO2 max/mile pace effort	5K Race (two)	Predict VO2 max/mile pace effort	5K Race (three)	Predict VO2 max/mile pace effort
Athlete 1	12:16	50.9 / 6:08	19:21	51.77 / 6:01	19:14	52.13 / 5:59	19:01	52.83 / 5:55
Athlete 2	11:39	53.98 / 5:49	18:22	55.01 /5:43	18:40	53.98 / 5:49	18:11	55.60 / 5:40
Athlete 3	11:30	54.78 / 5:45	18:06	55.96 / 5:39	17:25	58.52 / 5:25	17:21	58.78 / 5:24

 

3. Recommend training for improvement

      As stated above, it is recommended that the VO₂ max workout needs to be done once a week for athletes to improve their maximal effort (Christensen, 2010; Favero and Stoll, 2016). There are also several types of training intensities for coaches to use, including but not limited to: race pace, lactate threshold, and zone training (Kenneally et al., 2018). Athletes in this designs examples performed one VO₂ max workout and a race pace workout (5k) per week. For all other runs including the long run, the athletes would run at recovery pace. All paces and percentages of effort levels are listed in Table 3. 

Christensen (2010) and Mackenzie (2001) both advise using training durations of 3-5 minutes or 800-1600m repetitions at a high intensity to increase VO₂ max.

 

Table 3

 

Distance	Percetage of VO2 max
5K Race Pace	97% of VO2 max
VO2 max Effort	100% at Max
Recovery run	65-75% of VO2 max

 

Considerations

 

One of the most important considerations when training athletes is that environment and extraneous physiological factors affect them during the VO₂ max test and during any given race day. It is not often that athletes will get faster each time they step on the line. In table 2, Athlete 2 had a race where they seemed to slow down. In their first race, they ran an 18:22 for the 5k, and for her second 5k, she ran an 18:40. Many factors can affect the athlete on race day, such as stress, nerves, disrupted sleep, and weather (Weinberg, 2019). Coaches need to talk with their athletes to see what happened during the race or maximal effort test. Talking with the athlete will help the coach determine how to progress the athlete in future workouts. 

Age is a significant factor when it comes to training adaptation. Green and Pate’s (2015) book Training Young Distance Runners argues that young athletes’ VO₂ increases even when the athlete only moderately increases their training. This means that replications of this design may not provide detail adequate to coaches who are training younger runners as it makes causation less clear.

Conclusions

            The design covered in this report gives coaches and trainers the tools to assess and enhance VO2 max in their endurance athletes without the need for expensive or intrusive equipment. This design is tailored to be incorporated within a training program and to be used alongside competitions allowing it to be accessible for wide use. While coaches need to be aware of the systems limitations listed above, they will be able to use it effectively with strong athlete communication.

References

Christensen, S. (2010). The profiling and preparation of an elite junior miler. Retrieved from http://www.ustfccca.org/assets/symposiums/2010/Scott-Christensen_Preparation-Elite-Junior-Miler.pdf

Favero, T. & Stoll, K. (2016). Seasonal improvements in VO2 max among women’s college soccer players with one day per week aerobic interval training. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 22(2), 14-21.

Green, L. & Pate, R. (2015). Training young distance runners. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Kenneally, M., Casado, A., & Santos-Concejero, J. (2018). The Effect of Periodization and Training Intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(9), 1114-1121. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0327

Mackenzie, B. (2001). VO₂ max [WWW] Retrieved from https://www.brianmac.co.uk/VO2max.htm [Accessed 8/10/2020]

Ungvarsky, J. (2020). VO2 max. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science.

RED-S (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport) quick take for endurance coaches

 

     My personal experience with RED-S covers most of my lifetime and for the majority of those years, I did not have an eating disorder. I simply wasn't keeping up on replenishing what I burned through training. Because my training volume is less that it has been in the past, I have not struggled with symptoms of RED-S since 2018. With a possible start in triathlon in 2021, I'll need to stay vigilant to keep it from coming back. The short paper below is a synopsis about what RED-S is, who is vulnerable to it and how coaches can prevent it.

     In 2014, the International Olympic Committee re-defined the term “female-athlete triad” to update the term with current and relevant information that acknowledges the role that the condition also plays in male athletics. They re-coined the condition as “RED-S” or “relative energy deficiency in sport.” They defined the condition as “impaired physiological function including, but not limited to, metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, cardiovascular health caused by relative energy deficiency” (Mountjoy et. al., 2014). The cause is a depletion of energy that is available for optimal functioning due to an imbalance between training loads and nutritional intake.

     The IOC agrees that “EA (energy availability) is calculated as EI (energy intake) minus the energy cost of exercise relative to fat-free mass (FFM) and in healthy adults, a value of 45 kcal/kg FFM/day equates energy balance” (Mountjoy et. al., 2014). This precise measurement allows physicians and coaches to accurately define exactly how much their athletes need to take in to support healthy functioning while engaging in intense training.

BMJ Blog

Who Is at Risk?

     All athletes, regardless of gender are potentially at risk of developing RED-S. This was part of the IOC’s mission in re-defining the term because it became obvious that men were being affected by the phenomenon as well. A 2019 study found that men who had high levels of exercise dependency were more likely to display eating disorder tendencies and lower energy levels due to their reduced energy intake. They also had higher cortisol vs. insulin levels, indicating a catabolic state (Torstveit et. al., 2019). Although we now know that men are at risk of RED-S, alongside women, it is female British teenage running phenom, Bobby Clay’s case that shows the significant impact of the IOC’s terminology change. Clay was one of the top junior runners in the world, claiming the 2015 European 1500m championship title after years of national domination. After breaking her foot from simply pushing off the wall in the pool in 2017, she underwent bone density tests that revealed she had osteoporosis (Athletics Weekly, 2017). This was followed by a series of stress and full fractures in her lower extremities that would happen during mundane activities like cycling and jogging on grass. She maintains that she never struggled with an eating disorder and that the main culprit to her hormonal disorder was overtraining combined with accidental under fueling (Let’s Get Running, n.d.). In my own personal coaching experience, it has been male athletes that struggled with RED-S. I had a series of athletes who trained together for at least a season who had unhealthy relationships with food and an extreme focus on remaining thin and lean during the season. I referred two of them to speak with their doctors about the obsessive behavior.    

 

What are the Signs of RED-S?

     It is important to note that only medical professionals can diagnose and treat RED-S but it equally important for coaches to be aware of the signs:

·         Decreased glycogen stores

·         Decreased muscle strength

·         Decreased endurance performance

·         Increased injury risk

·         Decreased training response

·         Impaired judgment

·         Decreased coordination

·         Decreased concentration

·         Irritability

·         Depression

(British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015).

 

Because RED-S may be exacerbated by an eating disorder, coaches should also be aware of unhealthy relationships with food. This is not easy to recognize as a coach. Parents, siblings and teammates may have better insight into this. Athletes do not have to have all of the markers to land in the “moderate risk” zone as defined by the British Journal of Sports Medicine. They could have only one or two risk factors and qualify for intervention by a team of health care providers including a dietician, sports medicine doctor and psychologist. It is important not to stigmatize RED-S and approach recovery in a positive manner, emphasizing how important recovery is to performance and overall health.

What are the Consequences of RED-S?

     The ultimate consequences for an athlete are reduction in the level of performance due to the body breaking down and being unable to sustain endurance training. But there are also consequences outside of sport that may affect an athlete’s health for the rest of his or her life.

·         Immunological

·         Gastrointestinal

·         Cardiovascular

·         Psychological

·         Growth + development

·         Hematological

·         Menstrual function

·         Bone health

·         Endocrine

·         Metabolic

 

(British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015).

 

     Because hormonal function is integral to the body’s entire system, RED-S victims can see a wide range of health consequences, with the most severe cases leading to bradycardia (low heart rate) and dangerously low bone density that may lead to osteoporosis.

What Can Coaches do to Combat RED-S?

     Information combined with a healthy approach to training is the best defense against RED-S becoming a problem on your team. Ply your team with information about healthy eating habits that support endurance training and emphasize the need for adequate nutrition for optimal performance. Print out team USA’s “Athlete’s Plate” handouts and post them in the locker room for athletes to use as a guide (Team USA, n.d.). Bring in a sports nutritionist to speak with the athletes and answer their questions. Gradually increase their training load as they age in order to help them keep an AE equilibrium. Youth athletes are an inspired, driven bunch who are always looking for ways to improve their performance. If they know that taking care of their energy needs will lead to increased performance, they will follow those guidelines. Finally, be a good example for them by taking care of your own nutritional needs. If they watch you counting calories at a team spaghetti dinner or conversely, downing a coke and candy bar while overseeing practice, they may conclude that fueling is not an important factor.

Team USA Athlete's Plate

    

References

Bobby Clay – my osteoporosis nightmare. 2017. Athletics Weekly. Retrieved from https://www.athleticsweekly.com/performance/bobby-clay-my-osteoporosis-nightmare-70422/

Coping with RED-S and disordered eating: Bobby Clay. (n.d.). Let’s Get Running Podcast. Retrieved from https://www.letsgetrunning.co.uk/coaches-log/reds-bobby-clay

Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Meyer, N., Sherman, R., Steffen, K., Budgett, R. & Ljungqvist, A. (2014). The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad – relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 491-497.

Mountjoy, M. et. al. (2015). RED-S CAT. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Retrieved from https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/49/7/421.full.pdf

Nutrition. (n.d.). Team USA. Retrieved from https://www.teamusa.org/nutrition

Torstveit, M., Fahrenholtz, I., Lichtenstein, M., Senqvist, T., & Melin, A. (2019). Exercise dependence, eating disorder symptoms and biomarkers of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (RED-S) among male endurance athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exercise Medicine, 5(1), doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000439

I won Johnnycake!

What: Johnnycake Jog 5 miler 

When: July 12, 2020

Where: Painsville, OH

Time: 32:30 (6:30 pace)

Splits: 6:14, 6:40, 6:11, 6:28, 6:40

Results: https://www.athlinks.com/event/5849/results/Event/901879/Course/1758950/Bib/395 

Link to the News Herald article: https://www.news-herald.com/sports/medina-resident-renee-harden-wins-johnnycake-jog-womens-division/article_b59b08f8-c466-11ea-bafe-2b5b76c5509e.html

When Covid hit in March, I quickly realized that I wouldn’t be racing much in the summer and decided to stop doing workouts that might beat my body down unnecessarily. I kept running 40-50 miles a week and doing a faster effort of some type once a week. I kept running my Thursday workouts with Todd and in May I began meeting my friend Amanda and the Portage Lakes Running Club to run 14-16 miles on the towpath. These long runs built some surprising strength and now after a few months of it, I sort of feel like a long distance runner. In June, I got wind that the Johnnycake Jog 5 miler was still happening as a live race. I registered, hoping it would go forward and did about three workouts in June to prepare myself. I knew I was not in great shape going into it, but I was fine with that. I was so excited to race!

I arrived in Painsville nearly an hour before I needed to and was one of the first masked participants to pick up my race packet. The building where they have packet pickup was very sparse, with just the bib table with several masked volunteers. It was a “socially distant” race format with masks for packet pickup, no awards or post-race party and the race started in waves every few minutes. This is ironic because both times I’ve run this race in 2014 and 2019 I’ve been socially distant from any other runner the whole race. This is not ideal under normal circumstances! 

The race was smaller than usual and I could tell that not as many fast women were there compared to a normal year. Usually you have to run under 30 minutes to finish in the money. I’ve won my age group here twice, but I wasn’t expecting to be in a position to win. Everyone who predicted 40 minutes and under started in the first wave but there weren’t very many of us. Otherwise, the start seemed normal. I wanted around a 6:15-6:20 average and I thought this seemed very doable but this course has been difficult for me to figure out. I went out with a 6:14 and this felt in control. I was bouncing along on my New Balance Rebel TCs (carbon plate) and feeling pretty smooth. There was one lady ahead of me but only by a few seconds per mile. I decided to try and catch her in the third mile and kept my eye on her. I didn’t realize I slowed down the second mile, but I apparently ran a 6:40. We run through shaded, attractive neighborhoods and it doesn’t seem like a race atmosphere. In the third mile I moved hard to catch her as I could see she had slowed down. I caught her right at three miles (6:11) and told myself that I wasn’t allowed to get lazy just because I was in the lead. But I was feeling hot, the road stretched out ahead of me forever, I was pretty out of shape for this effort and in classic Johnnycake Jog fashion, I was all alone. Then a guy caught me in the fourth mile (6:28) and I began pacing with him. He was very encouraging down that 1.75 mile stretch to the finish line and I’m sure I would have slowed down much more if I didn’t have his company. My last mile was 6:40 and when I saw the tape at the finish I couldn’t help but kick it in and give a big smile with my hands up. I thought that was the first time I’d broken the tape but I remembered later that I broke the tape a few times as a teenager in local races in Michigan. They used to do that a lot more! I won $100 for my efforts and that is almost as good as the super cool finish pic. I didn’t miss the awards or the post-race snacks. I did a quick interview with the News-Herald and headed out for my cooldown, during which I nearly died of starvation. Maybe I do miss the post-race snacks?! So I made sure to hit up McDonalds right down the street before I headed back home. I’ll be back next year Johnnycake! Hopefully the snacks will be back.

On tibial stress fracture recovery, strength training and being a swimmer/runner

I haven't posted in here in a long time! This is a long-winded blog post, so be fore-warned.

     I was officially cleared for running from my tibial stress fracture in January after seeing Dr. Crawford at Summa in Medina. That was my first clearance but I wasn't able to complete the "return to pounding" protocol that he gave me. Instead of walking every other day for 20 minutes, I would walk every 5 days for 10 minutes and still be in pain. I was cleared again when I saw him six weeks later. And then again in April and in May. Each time I would attempt a few runs, even string together a couple of weeks of every other or every two days. But in the end I would end up in the boot, unable to get through my daily life without it due to the pain. Constant, burning, grinding pain that worsened as the day went on. I never had new bruising, but hot spots would creep in after a couple of weeks of running. I changed my eating (more calories, higher nutrients), took prescription vitamin d for 12 weeks, calcium and phosphorous supplements, cross trained like a maniac, did specific pt routines to strengthen my ankle. None of it worked.
     Every time running failed, swimming was still there for me. I competed in my first full U.S. Masters season and set prs from 50 yards to 1500 meters. I loved working out in the pool with the Medina Masters Swim Club, where I had some of the hardest workouts of my life. At my final meet of the season, Adam and the kids came to watch me. I think they enjoyed it more than watching me run!

"I have no idea why I entered 5 events."

     Speaking of pain, the past year and a half have been nothing but constant, chronic pain from my back and then my stress fracture. It seriously changes your lifestyle when something is this persistent. I had routines of stretching, rolling, icing and modified everything, including simple tasks like cleaning my house. I had to wear an ice cast to get housework done at the end of the day.
     Starting in March, I discontinued coaching with Becki. I should have taken a break from being coached the minute I got my stress fracture, in order to better listen to my body and do only what I felt like doing. I found myself relaxing a lot more on my own. I also started my own coaching education in December and moved on to USATF Level 2 by this summer, so I now have all the knowledge I need to coach myself in the future. A little more on this topic of being coached long distance as an adult: unless you can find someone that will work exactly with your specific work schedule and lifestyle, don't do it. Only you know what you feel like from day to day and what days work for workouts and long runs. If you're like me and will do what's on the training schedule come hell, high water, all day cross country meet or a fucking herniated disc, you're better off training by feel with your own plan. And, if you're exhausted in a marathon after a 3 month training block, it's more likely that you did too much, rather than you didn't do enough. Pump the breaks before something really goes wrong, like a stress fracture. That all being said, Becki had the best road speed workouts that I've ever done and I'll continue to do them on a less frequent basis if I ever get back to serious run training.
     After many failed attempts, I returned to running for good in mid-July, nearly 11 months after my stress fracture. I was smack dab in the middle of my first open water swimming season, if two races qualifies as such. I swam my first 2 miler in July and my first 5k in August. My 5k was the best I've ever felt on a swim and I smashed my predicted time by 4 minutes: Swim to the Moon 5k results
All I could think during that 5k was that I've found an activity that I love at least as much as running. I felt amazing, so strong through the miles and found myself hunting people down during the last 1k, just like I love to do in running races.

Feeling like a water horse! That's much beastlier magical creature than a mermaid.

      Seven weeks after I started back to running, I'm still under 30 miles a week and I have no plans to up the mileage. I have a 5k coming up and in November I'll run the Bills Bad Ass 50k for the final time. I'm upping my long run by 10 minutes every week until I hit 3 hours on the trails. I swim about 12,000m a week with the focus switching more to the pool for the 2019 U.S. Masters swim season. At first I was conflicted on which sport to choose, but I've decided that I don't need to choose. I love them both and I'm going to compete in both to the best of my ability. I don't care if it means I sacrifice future running prs, I know I have a lot to improve in the pool and in the open water and I want to see how far I can go. Of course, I'm confident enough in my running ability that I think I can still set some road prs! Especially at the shorter distances.
  
     Over the winter I started lifting with a serious focus on Olympic lifts and single leg balance. I purchased performance training sessions from Ohio Sports Chiropractic and Rehab. Brian helped me perfect my form for the Olympic lifts and convinced me to up the squat weight to a previously impossible (I thought) weight of 105 pounds! That's nearly my weight! I have since upped it to 110 pounds and I will be adding to that this winter.
     This summer I tried to actively gain weight and build muscle in my upper body. I didn't gain much weight (3 pounds) but I have built my upper body to a size that I would never have thought possible a year ago. I recognize that my genetics are going to hold me back from building to the size that I see on the women going out in the elite wave at open water races, but I know that working on this will improve my swimming and my overall physical well-being as an athlete. I also was able to come back to running with faster daily paces than when I was half-injured and running 80 miles a week last summer. Not being exhausted from high mileage has it's perks! Below I've outlined my light and heavy lifts and my daily ab and pt routines.

Daily ab and pt routine:

200 crunches

pilates 100x2

50 bicycles

50 russians

50 side crunches each side

50 sit ups

30 second bridge, 20 second each side single leg bridge 

15 x ab roller w/ long holds

20 pushups

1 min plank, 30 second each side plank

20 bird dogs each side

10 donkey kicks each side

10 fire hydrants each side 

single leg sequence w/ thera bands

30 second single leg hold with eyes closed

rotator cuff activation x 10 w/ thera bands

nerve flossing for bicep, rotator cuff and scapular spine

Light lift 3 days a week:

10 minute warmup on bike

20 x kettlebell swings w/ 15lbs

20 x squats w/ kettlebell 15lbs

20 x each side single leg romanian dl w/ 15lbs

20 x each dynamic single leg toe touch w/ 10lbs

20 x reverse flys w/ 10lbs each side

20 x bicep curls w/ 10lbs each side

Heavy lift 1-2 days a week:

10 minute wamup on the bike

TRX upper body sequence x 12 (2 sets)

5 x reverse pullups w/ 1-5 second holds at the top

5 x pullups on straight bar

10 x chinups on straight bar

5 x single leg toes to the bar each leg

3 x 10 straight bar squats 55-105 lbs

2 x 10 straight leg dl 50 lbs

2 x 10 dynamic single leg toe touch w/ 10 lbs

20 x eccentric heel drops w/ 10lbs

20 x calf raises

10 x single leg calf raises each side on step

pushup challenge: 35 pushups, 30 second plank, 20 pushups, 30 second plank, 10 pushups, 30 second plank

20 bosu ball squats with 14lb medicine ball

10 x dynamic single leg on soft bosu ball

Side plank. Okay, I feel bigger than I look I guess.

I think this is supposed to be a squat but I should be looking up!

Kettle bell swings.

The 12 Weeks of Tibia Healing

     And on the 12 week of tibia healing my true love (me, myself and I?) gave to me...an MRI. Finally! Dr. Matt and Dr. Leo at Ohio Sports Chiropractic and Rehab suggested I get an MRI eight weeks post-stress fracture because healing was so delayed. I didn't want to drop the (very reasonable) $295 so I waited until I got through two failed attempts to return to light running before I caved and got the order. My main worry was that if I needed surgery, I'd better get on it and not delay any longer.
     I used Precision Diagnostic Imaging in Medina. They got me an appointment within one week of calling them and I only waited 15 minutes to be taken back for imaging. I wasn't prepared for the half hour to 40 minutes in the machine as all the images were being taken. Or for the intense magnetic tingling in my leg! The stress site even started hurting from the vibrating. They shipped the images off to a radiologist and Dr. Leo had the report by that evening.

Here are a few of the images:

Dark area is the stress site.

More contrast.

Cross section.

     Alright, the boring part is up next. I'm going to outline the 12 weeks of this injury in pretty close detail for those who have something similar going on and are scouring the Internet for anecdotal experiences. Just like I have for the last 12 weeks.

Week 1:
22.59 mile long run in 3 hours. This was a "time on feet" long run at an easy pace. At 10 miles my right leg collapsed. I thought it was strange but I didn't fall, didn't stop and ran 12 more miles on concrete.
Monday morning to Tuesday night - stepped out of bed and realized something was very wrong. Hurt to walk, pin-point pain, visible bruising, slight swelling, hot to the touch. Swam instead of ran. I didn't dare run. Aqua jogged and swam on Tuesday. By Tuesday night I knew it was a stress fracture. It was throbbing constantly by this point.
Wednesday - already had an appointment scheduled with Dr. Leo so I limped in and got the official diagnosis of tibial stress fracture. He tried the tuning fork test and I nearly jumped off the table. Also did cold laser treatment and Game Ready ice sleeve. It was really hurting by the end of this day and I only got through practice with borrowed crutches.
Thursday-Sunday - crutches Thursday and Friday as much as I could stand. Found out on Friday that biking was a no go. Awful pain Friday evening from the bike. In a boot starting Saturday. Pain levels diminished daily from the time I got in the boot.
Nutrition: Started on a strict supplement plan with 1700 mg of absorbable Calcium, 5200 IU of vitamin D, 1000 mcg of B-12 and 100 MCG of Vitamin K2. I also started tracking my caloric intake to make sure I did not pile on 10-15 pounds with the drastic drop in exercise. My body seemed to adjust seamlessly to the reduced training and within a couple of weeks I stopped worrying about gaining weight.

Week 2: 
Monday-Thursday -  leg continued to heal while in boot and the "big blur of swimming soreness" began. Suddenly jumping into thousands of yards of swimming a week is a shock to the upper body, especially with the form issues that I have. I attended practice on Thursday and committed to going back to practice every week to work on my technique with the coaches. Tried biking again Wednesday and again it hurt me.
Friday-Sunday -  More swimming, aqua jogging and core. I had my first 90 minute pool session on Sunday. After the workout I laid on the deck, aching and famished and feeling like I couldn't even make the short way back to home without calories. I logged 8000y of freestyle this week and 7.5 hours of cardio total. I struggled with energy levels at the end of this week and that trend would continue. Swimming is hard!

Week 3: 
Monday - first experience on the alter g. Five miles in 37 minutes. I kept it at 40% for this session but severely suppinated the entire run. I was afraid to run and tense. Double workout at the pool in the evening. First full day out of the boot, round 1.
Tuesday-Wednesday - monster swimming yardage. Felt like I needed to keep the boot on so I did. This was the first week that I felt like healing stalled. I think the main factor was refusing to compromise on exercise minutes as I was transitioning out of the boot.
Thursday - on the alter g again. More pain at 40% than on Monday but I was off Ibuprofin for the first time. The boot started causing ankle issues and I worked hard to transition out of it.
Friday-Sunday - Went back in the boot Friday to get through work and practice and the meet on Saturday. On Sunday I biked next to Amanda for 12 miles while she did her long run and at one point I turned sharply to avoid running into her on a turn and fell of the bike onto my shin. It didn't break and I was encouraged by this. By this point I walked around on egg shells afraid that at any moment my tibia might snap.

Week 4:
 Log entry on why I stress fractured:
"Saucony Zealot 3s - too wide and loose, movement all over the place every run, re-tying them half way through but didn't fix it. Probably led to...
Achillies tendonitis - both left and right but worse in the left...limped the first 5 minutes of nearly every run in July and August. For sure compensated during this entire training cycle.
Swift rise in volume and intensity in August - averaged 45 miles a week in July, more like 75 in August. So stupid in hindsight but I pushed Becki's mileage and paces way over the top. I was determined to perform well at Akron. I'll never make this mistake again. Marathon training needs a three month buildup.
Concrete training - pretty sure I'll never run on concrete again.

Fixes: I threw away my Zealot 3s and bought Brooks Ghost 10s. When I start running again it will be on grass. I may never go back to 7 days a week of running but I'll play that by ear."

Monday-Friday - I bought the week on the alter g, which is a great deal but it was a mistake on my part. I didn't need the temptation of unlimited running placed in my lap. I logged 25 miles on the alter g on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday and did double workouts in the pool.
Saturday - I finally gave in and got an x-ray after being in pain all Friday night and Saturday morning. The image showed a possible stress injury on the distal tibia with a linear line of calcification, signalling healing. Massive weekly exercise totals of: 8 hours 35 minutes of cardio, 2000y of aqua jogging, 8,900y of swimming, 25 miles on the alter g.

Week 5:
Monday-Tuesday - started incorporating more low impact with biking and walking. None of it was completely pain free. The only thing that was pain free was swimming. 
Wednesday - alter g again and I got impatient with the ease of the workout and went way too fast. 6 miles at a 6:40 average. Frustrated that I had to keep it at 45 percent still.
Thursday-Sunday - More low impact incorporating, including rock climbing on Friday night and a long, fast bike on Saturday. I was feeling so good by Sunday that I jogged around the course at my kid's cross country meet. This was the beginning of the serious set backs. Running on it was not wise. 

Week 6:
 Monday-Thursday - I paid for my indulgent jogs with pain for most of the week. Despite this, I hiked on Tuesday, jogged at 100% on the alter g on Thursday and hiked the Buckeye Trail loop in Peninsula. By Thursday night at the conference meet my shin was throbbing but I had no choice but to walk at least three more miles on it getting around the course.
Friday-Sunday - hit 100 minutes in the pool for the first time! Epic levels of exhaustion were setting in with all the pool hours. Despite warning signs from my shin I jogged more on Saturday to get back to my house on time after a hike and then figure skated for the first time in 12 years for 1.5 hours. I had to sit and do nothing Saturday night because I couldn't put weight on it at all. As I got to the six week mark I started feeling discouraged. I think part of the reason I was pushing the activity level was because I couldn't mentally face more weeks of incessant cross training.

Week 7:
Monday-Tuesday - a full hour on the elliptical on Monday then an attempt at a run/walk on Tuesday that left me hobbled. I took the rest of the week off cardio to get my head on straight and get the pain under control. By Sunday I was mostly pain-free and ready to face another week of intense cross training.

Week 8:
Monday-Thursday - No more messing around with hiking or walking or test jogs. I would say I started behaving like a proper stress fracture patient starting this week. Pool on Monday, stationary bike on Tuesday (that hurt my shin), pool on Wednesday, swim practice Thursday. The last of my running fitness started to fade this week and I wasn't sad to feel it go. I started embracing swimming and the fact that I was mastering another sport.
Friday-Sunday - Swam again on Friday. Out of nowhere, my shin started hurting on Saturday. I swam again on Sunday after the pain went away but I ruled out running for the coming week.
Weekly totals: 11,100y of freestyle, 2600y of aquajogging, 14.4 miles of stationary bike, 7 hours, 20 minutes of cardio

Week 9:
Monday - first run at 70% on the alter g. I only did three miles with a new approach to limit my introduction to low impact. No hour-long sessions! Leg was stinging and tingly that night but not painful. I took the kids to the pool and refused to set my right leg down as I leaned against the edge of the pool, not because of pain but because of the stinging. Also swam 1900y. That's nothing these days!
Tuesday-Sunday - lifted heavy on Tuesday and biked long on Wednesday, which led to some pain the rest of the week. I found that lifting before swimming killed me and the weight bearing was too much. Shin hurt all day Thursday and I started feeling resigned to it. But it got worse by Friday morning after a sleepless night of throbbing. I cancelled my alter g appointment and put the boot back on. I was pain-free in the boot by Sunday. I started working on my butterfly stroke and got excited about swimming all over again.
Weekly totals: 10,950y of freestyle, 2000y of aqua jogging, 3 miles on alter g, 14.5 miles on stationary bike, 7 hours 30 minutes of cardio

Week 10:
 Monday-Sunday - started practicing starts out of the blocks and began pushing off the wall with both legs to prepare for a swim meet later in the month. This produced very little pain, much to my relief. I also started doing intervals with aqua jogging. My attitude is not good towards these. I reached 1:45 in the pool for the first time but all these hours in the pool began to take a toll on my skin. I developed a chlorine sensitivity by the end of this week. On Sunday night I hived up and couldn't get it to go down. The boot also started hurting me by the end of the week.
Weekly totals: 12,750y of swimming, 2,635y of aqua jogging, 6 hours, 55 minutes of cardio

Week 11:
Monday - first run at 100% on the alter g! Three miles at 8:00 pace. I had no issues with this run or from it later in the day. If only I had been satisfied with this for the week! Dr. Leo tried the tuning fork test and there was only slight tenderness on the site. He did find that the bone felt "spongy" on the site. Of course I swam that night. There's no doubt about it, I am a compulsive exerciser.
Tuesday-Friday - Swim practice on Tuesday left me in hives over 80 percent of my body and I knew I couldn't go back for a few days. So I jogged 1 mile on Tuesday and finished on the elliptical. The elliptical hurt my shin. But I jogged two more miles on Thursday and stubbornly hiked 5 miles on Friday to mark the BBA50k course. I was in agony by Friday night. Unable to put weight on my right leg. I sat around my house and willed myself not to take Ibuprofin because it restricts bone growth.
Saturday-Sunday - on crutches for most of these two days. Level of pain was an intermittent 5-6, at least a 3 all the time. I had to work a lot and got by at the store with crutches.

Week 12:
Monday - back to the pool and my skin and shin dealt with it! Only using one crutch as needed.
Tuesday - pilates and boxing but keeping cardio to 45 minutes or less.
Wednesday - 45 minutes in the pool. Shin has fresh bruising from running last week.
Thursday - off
Friday - my first swim meet with the Medina Masters Swim Club. Let the personal best chasing begin!
Saturday - off
Sunday - tried to get to an hour in the pool but energy levels tanked by 50 minutes. Dragged myself home to get some calories and a nap.

Week 13:
Monday - 1 hour of pilates that kicked my ass. First pain-free day!
Tuesday - most difficult swim practice so far. 3200y, including my first completed IM (individual medley: fly, back, breast, free), 50y sprints off the blocks. Day 2 pain free.
Wednesday - MRI!!! Did another hour of pilates that hurt my shin. Are you sure it's just a stress reaction?

Official diagnosis.

A few added notes for those going through the same thing: if it hurts, don't do it. Just say no to pushing through a low impact activity that is hurting even when you have cardio minutes to log. Turn around, go home and find a zero impact activity that doesn't hurt.
Don't worry about gaining weight. Your body will adjust to the new activities. I started this injury at 107 pounds and I am currently 107 pounds! After the first few weeks of worrying, I realized I was not going to gain weight and quit counting calories.
Don't give up on the supplements. The absorption rate is low but you're still getting extra calcium and vitamin D by taking them.
Find another low or zero impact sport that you can develop a passion for and enjoy. For me it is swimming but other options would be yoga, boxing (support one leg) and pilates.

Trunculent tibia stress fracture recovery: a typical week of cross-training and strength-training

  

God, I hate the boot. And Chacos.

     I'm heading into week 9 of no running on dry land due to a tibial stress fracture that I sustained at the end of August due to averaging 45 miles a week in July and 80 per week in August. This is the longest I've gone without running since I was 13 years old. It's not fun but I don't have a choice in the matter. My throbbing leg wouldn't get through a mile on dry land at this point. So I make do and log hours of cross training/strength training and a few miles on the alter g at Ohio Sports Chiropractic and Rehab in Northfield. Below is a typical week including my strength training. In the next couple of weeks I plan on moving into weight lifting for the first time in my life. I'm looking up videos now to see what I'm doing so wrong that I can't even squat the bar. When it comes to body weight strength training I'm an old pro and I'll continue with that along with weights. Tomorrow I'm braving the "upstairs weight room." My only experience with this weight room at the rec is the rare occasion that I run on the upstairs track when it is frigid and storming out. I run by it over and over again while oddly shaped, top-heavy men lift more that what looks comfortable and then jog very slowly around the track when they're done. I'm not going to become a meathead any time soon, I promise. I want to log insane amounts of miles next year (building slowly this time!) so I need my hamstrings and glutes to cooperate.

Monday - cross training interval session totaling 60-75 minutes. Pt, core, upper body, 5-10 minutes of boxing, myrtl drill, shin prevents.
Example from today, October 30th, 2017:
a.m. - Treatment at Ohio Sports Chiropractic and Rehab. Leg swing series from myrtl drill, 3 miles on the alter g @ 70 percent body weight in 23:30 (7:50 pace), foam rolling on right calf. Rest of myrtl drill, shin prevent series (duck walk, knock knees walk, tip toes, heel walk, walking lunge with twist, high kicks, back kicks).
p.m. - 40 minutes total in the pool for 1900y total, interval session freestyle. 8 minutes of boxing (warmup)
Core/upper body strength session:

• 100 butterfly crunches
• 30 side crunches each side
• 30 oblique crunches each side
• 50 "dead bugs" pt move
• pilates 100s
•  30 roll up situps
• yoga stretch break
• 5 minute plank series (high, side, high, side, forearm) 
• 3-7 fingertip pullups
• 20 pushups 
• 5-10 headstand crunches
• 10 single leg deadlifts with dynamic knee raise
• 20 body weight squats
• 20 dumbbell curl and raise
• 20 dumbbell reverse flyes
• Full static stretch, mostly yoga moves

Tuesday - easy cross training 90 minutes in the pool, half freestyle (2500y) and half aqua jogging.
Pt, core, upper body, 5-10 minutes of boxing, myrtl drill, shin prevents.

Wednesday - interval cross training in the pool or on the bike for a total of 90 minutes. Pt, core, upper body, 5-10 minutes of boxing, myrtl drill, shin prevents.

Thursday - swim practice! 3000y of frantically trying to keep up with swimmers much more accomplished than I am under the watchful eyes of two strict coaches. I love it! Light core because I'm too sore to do anything else. I pretty much lay on my floor and do half-hearted crunches.
Example from last Thursday: Medina Master Swim Club practice: 2x300 wu, 100 kick, 100 swim, 25 scull, 25 swim, 4x150, 100 kickboard, 50 pull, 2x500 (300, 100, 100), 3x200 broken, 200 cd

Friday - 3-4 miles on the alter g at Ohio Sports Chiro and easy cross training in the pool for 60-75 minutes. Pt, core, upper body, 5-10 minutes of boxing, myrtl drill, shin prevents.

Saturday - off. I usually recover from swim practice on this day. I'm sore for at least 24 hours after every practice. Swimming is hard work!

Sunday - 100 minutes in the pool baby! I usually get well over 3000y of half freestyle and half aqua jogging. Pt, core, upper body, 5-10 minutes of boxing, myrtl drill, shin prevents. Eat a lot and get ready to do it all over again next week.